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Автор: pkarpuzov
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11.11.2006 18:29 - GLOSSARY
Автор: pkarpuzov Категория: Технологии   
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Последна промяна: 02.02.2007 02:33


 

VIII. Glossary

 



 

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Word/Term

Definition

See in lecture...

A top

allomorphs

different realization of a morpheme depending on the environment/context

Lecture: 7

allophones

different realization of a phoneme depending on the environment/context

Lecture: 7

annotation

(or transcription) labeling a corpus, spoken or written, with linguistic information

Lecture 5

antonym(s)

co-hyponyms with different meanings; types: opposites, complementaries and inverses

Lecture: 9

appearance

modality, rendering, media

Lectures: almost all

B top

bahavrihi

see exocentric compound

Lecture: 7

bicentric compound

a compound which is a hyponym of both (or all of the) of its stems; Example: walkie-talkie, gentleman-farmer

Lecture: 7

C top

co-hyponym(s)

hyponyms of the same superordinate term

Lecture: 9

complementary antonyms

Examples: red vs. yellow, green, blue, etc; car vs. train, bike, tram, cart, etc. . These are co-hyponyms of the same hyperonym. Each co-hyponym appears to be an antonym with all other hyponyms which have different meaning

Lecture: 9

componential definition

SDD which splits the meaning of a lexical item into components

Lecture: 9

compounding

a form of word formation; in it we combine two stems; there is a change in the meaning of words

Lecture: 7

concordance

a list of words taken from a text corpus and given in a context; a basic tool used in lexicography for gaining material from books; a list of words from Bible or another source within a context: Bible concordances, concordances of poetry, etc.

Lecture: 10

context collocation

the 4-th part of a KWIC concordance creation

Lecture: 10

contextual definition

the word in context or the example in a dictionary definition

Lecture: 2

corpus creation

the 1-st part of KWIC concordance creation

Lecture: 10

D top

database

table; macrostructure and microstructure of a dictionary in the form of a table with rows and columns

Lecture: 4

DATCAT

data category or lexical information, the different types of information one finds in the microstructure

Lecture: 3, 5

definiendum

the word/item to be defined

Lecture: 2

definiens

the definition itslef

Lecture: 2

derivation

a form of word formation; in it we combine a stem + affix(es); there is a change in the meaning

Lecture: 7

dictionary

1. a reference source in print or electronic form containing words usually alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactical and idiomatic uses 2. Dictionaries are texts, documents. Like all texts they possess the following three properties: structure, meaning, form. In respect of structure, dictionaries comprise four types of structure: meta-, meso-, macro- and microstructure; they have data and metadata (or data about the dictionary). The meaning or the content of a dictionary is words organised in different principles. A dictionary may have different appearances: it may either be a book or be in electronic form.

Lecture: 1

differentia specifica

specific differences

Lecture: 2

dvandva

see bicentric compound

Lecture: 7

E top

encyclopedia

a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject.

Lecture 2

endocentric compound

a compound which is a hyponym of one (the right) of its stems; Example: pie-dish

Lecture: 7

exocentric compound

a compound which is no hyponym of any of its stems; its meaning has nothing to do with the meanings of the stems; Example: pick-pocket

Lecture: 7

F top

G top

genus proximum

nearest kind

Lecture: 2

glue categories

prepositions, conjunctions, interjections

Lecture: 8

grammatical morpheme

structural morpheme; it is a closed set; such morphemes are prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions and affixes

Lecture: 7

grapheme

character combination corresponding to a phoneme

Lecture: 6

H top

homonymy/homonym(s)

in homonymy we have words which are written and/or pronounced in the same way but have different meanings; the basic difference with polysemy is that homonyms have different etymological roots

Lecture: 11

hyperonym

superordinate term in a hierarchy

Lecture: 9

hypertext

It is any text in the web. A hypertext document is a text either with conventional hierarchical parts (a tree-like structure) or as a complex network of parts. This text consists of embedded list(s) of elements, words, spaces, characters. It is a text connected with other texts electronically. Examples of hypertext: any document on the World Wide Web (electronic dictionary, blog, e-commerce site, google, yahoo) or a help document for a computer application.

Lecture: 1

hyponym

a subordinate term in a hierarchy

Lecture: 9

I top

ID

identifier of dictionary, it is not apparent in a dictionary and is useful for counting the words for example (it can be a number); in a semasiological dictionary the ID is the orthography; Example: table1 – der Tisch, table2 – die Tabelle

Lecture: 4

inflection

a branch of morphology; it is about putting words in sentences and adapt the words for the sentence. It has internal function: syntagmatic – adaptation to context. Its main function is syntagmatic: agreement/congruence/concord; no change in the basic lexical meaning of words; it has a grammatical meaning

Lecture: 7

inverse antonyms

Examples: brother-sister, buy-sell, child-parent

Lecture: 9

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet – a system for representation of sounds in any language in the world

Lecture: 6

J top

K top

keyword list extraction

the 3-rd part of a KWIC concordance creation

Lecture: 10

keyword search

the 5-th part of a KWIC concordance creation

Lecture: 10

KWIC

Key Word In a Context

Lecture: 10

KWIC Concordance

a list of words taken form a text corpus with their right-hand and/or left-hand contexts. It has 6 stages of construction: 1. corpus creation 2. tokenisation 3. keyword list extraction 4. context collocation 5. keyword search 6. output formatting

Lecture: 10

L top

language structure

it is determined by the following relations: structural relations (syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations) and semiotic (realization and interpretation)

Lecture: 8

lemma

de-grammaticalized form of a word (Trippel) (Haus is lemma; Haus, Hauser,etc. - inflected forms, the lemma refers to all inflected forms)

Lecture: 5

lexical information

the information in a dictionary entry. It is three types: meaning (pragmatics, semantics), structure (syntax, morphology) and appearance (pronunciation, orthography)

Lecture: 3

lexical morpheme

content morpheme, root; it is an open set: girl, car, man...; it is a separate word with its own full meaning

Lecture: 7

lexicography

The process or work of writing, editing, or compiling a dictionary

Lecture: almost all

lexicon

a book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions : syn. Dictionary. A lexicon is usually a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i.e., a dictionary. Lexicon is a word of Greek origin (λεξικόν) meaning vocabulary.

Lecture: 2

M top

macrostructure

the organization of lexical entries in the body of the dictionary into

Lecture: 3

megastructure

the entire structure of a dictionary including (it is the publisher"s work)

Lecture: 3

meronomy

a part-whole relation between words

Lecture: 9

mesostructure

set of relations between lexical entries and other entities such as other parts of a dictionary or a text corpus. Examples: synonyms or antonyms which are elsewhere in the dictionary; the abbreviation "n" explained in the beginning of the dictionary

Lecture: 3

metadata

catalogue information about the production of the dictionary; it is used to identify the dictionary; used in, for instance, a library catalogue; it includes publisher, edition, publishing house, date, editor, etc.

Lecture: 2

metalanguage

the language we use to speak about language: noun, inflection, etc.

Lecture: 3, 6

microstructure

the consistent organization of lexical information within lexical entries in the dictionary (orthography, pronunciation, POS – part of speech, definition, example; picture/model, synonym-antonym, translation, etymological information)

Lecture: 3

morpheme

smallest meaningful parts of words

Lecture: 7

N top

noun categories

determiners, adjectives, nouns, pronouns

Lecture: 8

O top

onomasiological definition

the definition in an onomasiological dictionary

Lecture: 9

onomasiological dictionary

An onomasiological dictionary is typically the thesaurus. It supplies the synonyms and antonyms of a given world. There are no explanations of the worlds. It has tree structure. Onomasiological dictionary is called also writer’s dictionary (because it is very useful for people who write and need to find the correct word out of many synonyms or antonyms) or encoding dictionary (because the meaning is not given – it is presupposed to be known by the user of the dictionary; actually the user differentiates between words with slightly the same meaning and needs to choose the better one; he or she only needs to be reminded of the existing words which are difficult to be retrieved all at a time ).

Lecture: 1

output formatting

6-th part of a KWIC concordance creation

Lecture: 10

opposite antonyms

Example: dead-alive, single-married

Lecture: 9

orthography

spelling

Lecture: 3, 6

ostensive definition

model, picture

Lecture: 2

P top

paradigmatic definition

a definition by word fields or semantic relations

Lecture: 9

phoneme

the smallest constituent of a word; it consists of different phonemic features

Lecture: 6

polysemy

words which are written and/or pronounced in the same way and have (slightly) different meanings; the basic thing that differentiates the polysemic words form homonyms is that in polysemy the words have one and the same etymological root

Lecture: 11

POS

Part Of Speech

Lecture: almost all

Q top

R top

recursive definition

a definition referring to itself and to an infinite set – for example, ancestor-either a parent or a parent of an ancestor

Lecture: 2

rhyme

the second half of a word; it consists of a nucleus and coda

Lecture: 8

root

lexical morpheme, content morpheme, the simplest stem

Lecture: 7

S top

SDD

Standard Dictionary Definition: definition by nearest kind and specific differences, X is a Y kind of Z

Lecture: 2

semantic relations

relations between hyponyms and hyperonyms, between co-hyponyms: synonyms, antonyms

Lecture: 9

semasiological definition

the definition in a semasiological dictionary

Lecture: 9

semasiological dictionary

A semasiological dictionary is an ordinary alphabetically ordered dictionary where words are given definition, phonetic transcriptions, POS information, examples. Its macrostructure is realized in a list of alphabetically ordered entries. Such kind of a dictionary is called also reader’s dictionary (because readers need it to find the definitions to the new unfamiliar words they encounter) or decoding dictionary (because readers decode the meaning of unknown words). Glossary is more like a semasiological dictionary.

Lecture: 1

Shoebox

the original name of toolbox; it is a nostalgic reference to pre-computer times when linguists used to store cards with language examples in shoeboxes

Lecture: Griffith"s

sign

in linguistics signs are: phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence, dialogue, text, dictionary

Lecture: 8, almost all

spelling-to-sound rules

rules about how different letters or graphemes to be pronounced in different environment

Lecture: 6

stem

it has lexical meaning; a word is composed of stem and inflection; there are different kinds of stems: simple (a root) and complex (derived, compound, both)

Lecture: 7

syllable

word distinguishing phoneme configuration; syllable consists of onset and rhyme

Lecture: 6, 8

synonym(s)

co-hyponyms with more or less the same meaning

Lecture: 10

syntagmatic definition

a contextual definition or a definition by text examples

Lecture: 9

T top

tatpurusa

see endocentric compound

Lecture: 7

taxonomy

a hierarchy with subordinate and superordinate items

Lecture: 2, 9

text

Examples of texts: books (novels, fairytales, dictionaries, essays, etc.), periodicals (newspapers, scientific journals, etc.), the web. Texts consist of words, organized in paragraphs and comprising spaces and characters. A text has the following properties: appearance (media), meaning (semantics, pragmatics) and structure (formulation).

Lecture: 1

text corpus

an excerpt from a text which is the basis for examples in dictionaries or from which are taken the words in a concordance

Lecture: 10

text theory

Text theory is concerned with texts, their properties and the relations between these properties: the formulation and the structure of texts, semantics and meaning of texts, appearance of texts, reception and production of texts. The model of the text theory is a triangular and on each apex of it we have the structure, meaning and appearance.

Lecture: 1

tokenisation

the 2-nd part of a KWIC concordance creation

Lecture: 10

toolbox

a kind of lexical database management system; Toolbox is a computational tool developed by the SIL International; Toolbox is designed for field work purposes.

Lecture: 4, Griffith"s

U top

V top

valence

it is how many objects a verb can take

Lecture: 5

verb categories

verbs, adverbs

Lecture: 8

W top

website

A website is a hypertext document available for everybody in the internet with embedded document objects and linked document objects. Therefore, it is a kind of text.

Lecture: 1

word formation

it is all about the extending of the vocabulary/lexicon. It has external function: paradigmatic – creativity. It is concerned with paradigmatic relations. It consists of derivation and compounding

Lecture: 7

X top

Y top

Z top

back to the beginning






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