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VIII. Glossary
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Word/Term |
Definition |
See in lecture... |
A top |
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allomorphs |
different realization of a morpheme depending on the environment/context |
Lecture: 7 |
allophones |
different realization of a phoneme depending on the environment/context |
Lecture: 7 |
annotation |
(or transcription) labeling a corpus, spoken or written, with linguistic information |
Lecture 5 |
antonym(s) |
co-hyponyms with different meanings; types: opposites, complementaries and inverses |
Lecture: 9 |
appearance |
modality, rendering, media |
Lectures: almost all |
B top |
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bahavrihi |
see exocentric compound |
Lecture: 7 |
bicentric compound |
a compound which is a hyponym of both (or all of the) of its stems; Example: walkie-talkie, gentleman-farmer |
Lecture: 7 |
C top |
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co-hyponym(s) |
hyponyms of the same superordinate term |
Lecture: 9 |
complementary antonyms |
Examples: red vs. yellow, green, blue, etc; car vs. train, bike, tram, cart, etc. . These are co-hyponyms of the same hyperonym. Each co-hyponym appears to be an antonym with all other hyponyms which have different meaning |
Lecture: 9 |
componential definition |
SDD which splits the meaning of a lexical item into components |
Lecture: 9 |
compounding |
a form of word formation; in it we combine two stems; there is a change in the meaning of words |
Lecture: 7 |
concordance |
a list of words taken from a text corpus and given in a context; a basic tool used in lexicography for gaining material from books; a list of words from Bible or another source within a context: Bible concordances, concordances of poetry, etc. |
Lecture: 10 |
context collocation |
the 4-th part of a KWIC concordance creation |
Lecture: 10 |
contextual definition |
the word in context or the example in a dictionary definition |
Lecture: 2 |
corpus creation |
the 1-st part of KWIC concordance creation |
Lecture: 10 |
D top |
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database |
table; macrostructure and microstructure of a dictionary in the form of a table with rows and columns |
Lecture: 4 |
DATCAT |
data category or lexical information, the different types of information one finds in the microstructure |
Lecture: 3, 5 |
definiendum |
the word/item to be defined |
Lecture: 2 |
definiens |
the definition itslef |
Lecture: 2 |
derivation |
a form of word formation; in it we combine a stem + affix(es); there is a change in the meaning |
Lecture: 7 |
dictionary |
1. a reference source in print or electronic form containing words usually alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactical and idiomatic uses 2. Dictionaries are texts, documents. Like all texts they possess the following three properties: structure, meaning, form. In respect of structure, dictionaries comprise four types of structure: meta-, meso-, macro- and microstructure; they have data and metadata (or data about the dictionary). The meaning or the content of a dictionary is words organised in different principles. A dictionary may have different appearances: it may either be a book or be in electronic form. |
Lecture: 1 |
differentia specifica |
specific differences |
Lecture: 2 |
dvandva |
see bicentric compound |
Lecture: 7 |
E top |
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encyclopedia |
a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject. |
Lecture 2 |
endocentric compound |
a compound which is a hyponym of one (the right) of its stems; Example: pie-dish |
Lecture: 7 |
exocentric compound |
a compound which is no hyponym of any of its stems; its meaning has nothing to do with the meanings of the stems; Example: pick-pocket |
Lecture: 7 |
F top |
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G top |
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genus proximum |
nearest kind |
Lecture: 2 |
glue categories |
prepositions, conjunctions, interjections |
Lecture: 8 |
grammatical morpheme |
structural morpheme; it is a closed set; such morphemes are prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions and affixes |
Lecture: 7 |
grapheme |
character combination corresponding to a phoneme |
Lecture: 6 |
H top |
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homonymy/homonym(s) |
in homonymy we have words which are written and/or pronounced in the same way but have different meanings; the basic difference with polysemy is that homonyms have different etymological roots |
Lecture: 11 |
hyperonym |
superordinate term in a hierarchy |
Lecture: 9 |
hypertext |
It is any text in the web. A hypertext document is a text either with conventional hierarchical parts (a tree-like structure) or as a complex network of parts. This text consists of embedded list(s) of elements, words, spaces, characters. It is a text connected with other texts electronically. Examples of hypertext: any document on the World Wide Web (electronic dictionary, blog, e-commerce site, google, yahoo) or a help document for a computer application. |
Lecture: 1 |
hyponym |
a subordinate term in a hierarchy |
Lecture: 9 |
I top |
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ID |
identifier of dictionary, it is not apparent in a dictionary and is useful for counting the words for example (it can be a number); in a semasiological dictionary the ID is the orthography; Example: table1 – der Tisch, table2 – die Tabelle |
Lecture: 4 |
inflection |
a branch of morphology; it is about putting words in sentences and adapt the words for the sentence. It has internal function: syntagmatic – adaptation to context. Its main function is syntagmatic: agreement/congruence/concord; no change in the basic lexical meaning of words; it has a grammatical meaning |
Lecture: 7 |
inverse antonyms |
Examples: brother-sister, buy-sell, child-parent |
Lecture: 9 |
IPA |
International Phonetic Alphabet – a system for representation of sounds in any language in the world |
Lecture: 6 |
J top |
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K top |
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keyword list extraction |
the 3-rd part of a KWIC concordance creation |
Lecture: 10 |
keyword search |
the 5-th part of a KWIC concordance creation |
Lecture: 10 |
KWIC |
Key Word In a Context |
Lecture: 10 |
KWIC Concordance |
a list of words taken form a text corpus with their right-hand and/or left-hand contexts. It has 6 stages of construction: 1. corpus creation 2. tokenisation 3. keyword list extraction 4. context collocation 5. keyword search 6. output formatting |
Lecture: 10 |
L top |
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language structure |
it is determined by the following relations: structural relations (syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations) and semiotic (realization and interpretation) |
Lecture: 8 |
lemma |
de-grammaticalized form of a word (Trippel) (Haus is lemma; Haus, Hauser,etc. - inflected forms, the lemma refers to all inflected forms) |
Lecture: 5 |
lexical information |
the information in a dictionary entry. It is three types: meaning (pragmatics, semantics), structure (syntax, morphology) and appearance (pronunciation, orthography) |
Lecture: 3 |
lexical morpheme |
content morpheme, root; it is an open set: girl, car, man...; it is a separate word with its own full meaning |
Lecture: 7 |
lexicography |
The process or work of writing, editing, or compiling a dictionary |
Lecture: almost all |
lexicon |
a book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions : syn. Dictionary. A lexicon is usually a list of words together with additional word-specific information, i.e., a dictionary. Lexicon is a word of Greek origin (λεξικόν) meaning vocabulary. |
Lecture: 2 |
M top |
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macrostructure |
the organization of lexical entries in the body of the dictionary into |
Lecture: 3 |
megastructure |
the entire structure of a dictionary including (it is the publisher"s work) |
Lecture: 3 |
meronomy |
a part-whole relation between words |
Lecture: 9 |
mesostructure |
set of relations between lexical entries and other entities such as other parts of a dictionary or a text corpus. Examples: synonyms or antonyms which are elsewhere in the dictionary; the abbreviation "n" explained in the beginning of the dictionary |
Lecture: 3 |
metadata |
catalogue information about the production of the dictionary; it is used to identify the dictionary; used in, for instance, a library catalogue; it includes publisher, edition, publishing house, date, editor, etc. |
Lecture: 2 |
metalanguage |
the language we use to speak about language: noun, inflection, etc. |
Lecture: 3, 6 |
microstructure |
the consistent organization of lexical information within lexical entries in the dictionary (orthography, pronunciation, POS – part of speech, definition, example; picture/model, synonym-antonym, translation, etymological information) |
Lecture: 3 |
morpheme |
smallest meaningful parts of words |
Lecture: 7 |
N top |
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noun categories |
determiners, adjectives, nouns, pronouns |
Lecture: 8 |
O top |
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onomasiological definition |
the definition in an onomasiological dictionary |
Lecture: 9 |
onomasiological dictionary |
An onomasiological dictionary is typically the thesaurus. It supplies the synonyms and antonyms of a given world. There are no explanations of the worlds. It has tree structure. Onomasiological dictionary is called also writer’s dictionary (because it is very useful for people who write and need to find the correct word out of many synonyms or antonyms) or encoding dictionary (because the meaning is not given – it is presupposed to be known by the user of the dictionary; actually the user differentiates between words with slightly the same meaning and needs to choose the better one; he or she only needs to be reminded of the existing words which are difficult to be retrieved all at a time ). |
Lecture: 1 |
output formatting |
6-th part of a KWIC concordance creation |
Lecture: 10 |
opposite antonyms |
Example: dead-alive, single-married |
Lecture: 9 |
orthography |
spelling |
Lecture: 3, 6 |
ostensive definition |
model, picture |
Lecture: 2 |
P top |
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paradigmatic definition |
a definition by word fields or semantic relations |
Lecture: 9 |
phoneme |
the smallest constituent of a word; it consists of different phonemic features |
Lecture: 6 |
polysemy |
words which are written and/or pronounced in the same way and have (slightly) different meanings; the basic thing that differentiates the polysemic words form homonyms is that in polysemy the words have one and the same etymological root |
Lecture: 11 |
POS |
Part Of Speech |
Lecture: almost all |
Q top |
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R top |
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recursive definition |
a definition referring to itself and to an infinite set – for example, ancestor-either a parent or a parent of an ancestor |
Lecture: 2 |
rhyme |
the second half of a word; it consists of a nucleus and coda |
Lecture: 8 |
root |
lexical morpheme, content morpheme, the simplest stem |
Lecture: 7 |
S top |
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SDD |
Standard Dictionary Definition: definition by nearest kind and specific differences, X is a Y kind of Z |
Lecture: 2 |
semantic relations |
relations between hyponyms and hyperonyms, between co-hyponyms: synonyms, antonyms |
Lecture: 9 |
semasiological definition |
the definition in a semasiological dictionary |
Lecture: 9 |
semasiological dictionary |
A semasiological dictionary is an ordinary alphabetically ordered dictionary where words are given definition, phonetic transcriptions, POS information, examples. Its macrostructure is realized in a list of alphabetically ordered entries. Such kind of a dictionary is called also reader’s dictionary (because readers need it to find the definitions to the new unfamiliar words they encounter) or decoding dictionary (because readers decode the meaning of unknown words). Glossary is more like a semasiological dictionary. |
Lecture: 1 |
Shoebox |
the original name of toolbox; it is a nostalgic reference to pre-computer times when linguists used to store cards with language examples in shoeboxes |
Lecture: Griffith"s |
sign |
in linguistics signs are: phoneme, morpheme, word, sentence, dialogue, text, dictionary |
Lecture: 8, almost all |
spelling-to-sound rules |
rules about how different letters or graphemes to be pronounced in different environment |
Lecture: 6 |
stem |
it has lexical meaning; a word is composed of stem and inflection; there are different kinds of stems: simple (a root) and complex (derived, compound, both) |
Lecture: 7 |
syllable |
word distinguishing phoneme configuration; syllable consists of onset and rhyme |
Lecture: 6, 8 |
synonym(s) |
co-hyponyms with more or less the same meaning |
Lecture: 10 |
syntagmatic definition |
a contextual definition or a definition by text examples |
Lecture: 9 |
T top |
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tatpurusa |
see endocentric compound |
Lecture: 7 |
taxonomy |
a hierarchy with subordinate and superordinate items |
Lecture: 2, 9 |
text |
Examples of texts: books (novels, fairytales, dictionaries, essays, etc.), periodicals (newspapers, scientific journals, etc.), the web. Texts consist of words, organized in paragraphs and comprising spaces and characters. A text has the following properties: appearance (media), meaning (semantics, pragmatics) and structure (formulation). |
Lecture: 1 |
text corpus |
an excerpt from a text which is the basis for examples in dictionaries or from which are taken the words in a concordance |
Lecture: 10 |
text theory |
Text theory is concerned with texts, their properties and the relations between these properties: the formulation and the structure of texts, semantics and meaning of texts, appearance of texts, reception and production of texts. The model of the text theory is a triangular and on each apex of it we have the structure, meaning and appearance. |
Lecture: 1 |
tokenisation |
the 2-nd part of a KWIC concordance creation |
Lecture: 10 |
toolbox |
a kind of lexical database management system; Toolbox is a computational tool developed by the SIL International; Toolbox is designed for field work purposes. |
Lecture: 4, Griffith"s |
U top |
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V top |
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valence |
it is how many objects a verb can take |
Lecture: 5 |
verb categories |
verbs, adverbs |
Lecture: 8 |
W top |
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website |
A website is a hypertext document available for everybody in the internet with embedded document objects and linked document objects. Therefore, it is a kind of text. |
Lecture: 1 |
word formation |
it is all about the extending of the vocabulary/lexicon. It has external function: paradigmatic – creativity. It is concerned with paradigmatic relations. It consists of derivation and compounding |
Lecture: 7 |
X top |
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Y top |
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Z top |